{"id":182,"date":"2013-05-05T16:24:52","date_gmt":"2013-05-05T16:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oil-analysis.testoil.com\/?p=182"},"modified":"2023-05-02T19:04:24","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T19:04:24","slug":"testing-for-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testoil.com\/routine-testing\/testing-for-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Testing For Water"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"h2\">Testing For Water<\/h2>\n<p>Water is one of the most destructive contaminants faced by industrial maintenance departments.\u00a0 Studies have shown that water present at any level can reduce bearing life from <em>10 to 100 times<\/em>.\u00a0 While the overall tolerance for water varies from machine to machine, a good general alarm limit for water contamination is 0.05% (500 ppm).\u00a0 Some systems may be more tolerant to water, while others can be more sensitive.\u00a0 Some manufacturers have set limits as low as 30 ppm.\u00a0 Best practice would tend to indicate that it is beneficial to keep water contamination at the lowest level possible.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Crackle Test<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The crackle test relies on a very simple law of physics; water boils at 212\u00ba F.\u00a0The sample is agitated and a small amount is applied to the surface of a hot plate at 600\u00ba F.\u00a0 If any water is present in the sample, there will be an indication in the form of bubbles or crackles.\u00a0 This test is used to screen for the presence of water, and if a positive result is determined, than a quantitative test is performed to measure the amount of water present in the sample.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Water by Karl Fischer<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The most commonly used method to quantify water in a lubricating oil is ASTM D1744, Water by <a href=\"https:\/\/testoil.com\/industrial-oil-analysis\/karl-fischer-water\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Fischer<\/a>.\u00a0 A measured amount of the oil sample is introduced into the titration chamber of an automated Karl Fischer Titrator.\u00a0 The sample is titrated to an electromagnetic endpoint.\u00a0 The result is reported in % water or parts per million.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Forms of Water<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Water can be present in a lubricating oil in 3 different forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dissolved water<\/em> refers to water that has been chemically absorbed into the oil.\u00a0 While dissolved water possesses no direct threat to the component being lubricated, its presence can serve as a catalyst to oxidation.\u00a0 Dissolved water is normally not visible in oil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Emulsified water<\/em> is water that maintains its chemical integrity, but is held in suspension in the oil by additives and contaminants.\u00a0 Emulsified water will severely alter the load handling ability of an oil.\u00a0 When temperature and pressure are applied to a contaminated fluid, the oxidation process is significantly accelerated leading to pre-mature degradation.\u00a0 Internal corrosion and rust will also result in all areas of the system.\u00a0 When oil has emulsified water, it will take on a hazy or milky appearance.<\/li>\n<li><em>Free water<\/em> describes water that is present in the oil, but not held in suspension.\u00a0 Since oil and water don\u2019t mix, oil\u2019s base stock will be constantly trying to separate from water.\u00a0 Without additives or contaminants to bond with the water, it will separate rapidly and settle to the bottom of the oil.\u00a0 Free water will be visible in oil as a separate phase at the bottom of the oil reservoir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>When water is detected in an oil sample, two distinctive steps should be taken:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"> <strong>1) <\/strong><strong>Investigate and <em>eliminate<\/em> the source of the water.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Water can enter a system from three possible sources.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"169\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"469\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Possible Solution<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"169\"><strong>condensation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"469\"><em>desiccant breathers, climate control<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"169\"><strong>external contamination<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"469\"><em>inspect seals, hatches, covers, and breathers for the source, and repair as needed<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"169\"><strong>internal leaks<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"469\"><em>pressure check heat exchangers and steam tubes for leaks, repair as needed<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"> <strong>2) <\/strong><strong>Remove the water from the system.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In the case of small reservoirs, an oil change may be the most efficient way to remove water contamination.\u00a0 New oils should be tested to ensure they are not contaminated prior to use.\u00a0 In larger systems where an oil change is less economical, many techniques for water removal are available.\u00a0 Some filtration technology can be effective at removing moisture.\u00a0 Others such as vacuum dehydration and centrifuge have become trusted and effective ways to purify the oil.\u00a0 If the oil in the system has good demulsibility, it may be as simple as shutting down the system for a few hours and draining the water from the low points.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Testing For Water Water is one of the most destructive contaminants faced by industrial maintenance departments.\u00a0 Studies have shown that water present at any level can reduce bearing life from 10 to 100 times.\u00a0 While the overall tolerance for water varies from machine to machine, a good general alarm limit for water contamination is 0.05% (500 ppm).\u00a0 Some systems may&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/testoil.com\/routine-testing\/testing-for-water\/\" class=\"read-more\">Continue Reading<\/a>","protected":false},"author":4012,"featured_media":8691,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[401],"tags":[347,356],"class_list":["post-182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-routine-testing","tag-routine-testing","tag-water","cat-401-id"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized 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